All those terms refer to the same technology : Fiber technology related to single mode/mono-mode

In fiber-optic communications, a single-mode optical fiber—also known as fundamental-mode or mono-mode fiber—is designed to transmit only one mode of light, specifically the transverse mode. Modes are the possible solutions to the Helmholtz equation, derived from Maxwell’s equations and boundary conditions, and they describe how a light wave propagates and distributes in space.

In single-mode fibers, multiple light waves can have different frequencies but share the same spatial mode, meaning they travel through the fiber in the same pattern, forming a single coherent light path. Although the light beam runs parallel to the fiber’s length, it is referred to as a transverse mode because its electromagnetic oscillations occur perpendicular to that length.

Charles K. Kao received the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for his groundbreaking theoretical work on single-mode optical fibers. The most widely used types of single-mode fibers are defined by the ITU-T G.652 and G.657 standards.

Single-mode fiber provides a higher-cost but high-speed connection that utilizes laser diodes for transmission.

It features a small core, approximately 9 µm in diameter, and carries a single mode of light—typically at 1310 nm or 1550 nm wavelengths. This design results in minimal signal attenuation and enables maximum transmission speeds over long distances.